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Popal states 1848 which region ask

The Papal States, State(s) of the Church or Pontifical States (Italian: Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato Pontificio, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii; Latin: Status Pontificius) were one of the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870).

The Papal States comprised territories under direct sovereign rule of the papacy, and at its height it covered most of the modern Italian regions of Romagna, Marche, Umbria and Lazio. This governing power is commonly called the temporal power of the Pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy.

The plural Papal States is usually preferred; the singular Papal State (equally correct since it was not a mere personal union) is rather used (normally with lower-case letters) for the modern State of Vatican City, an enclave within Italy's national capital, Rome. Vatican City was founded in 1929, again allowing the Holy See the political benefits of territorial sovereignty.

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A specimen banknote is printed to as a way of checking to see whether or not the design is suitable for putting into full production as a currency issue.

Sometimes, specimen banknotes are printed for distribution to central banks to aid in the recognition of banknotes from a country other than their own.

Specimen notes have no legal tender status but have been used world-wide by issuing authorities to give a clear indication of the design. They only differ from normal circulation notes in that they are overprinted, which invalidates them as currency. Some types have either no serial numbers or all zeros even though several hundred of those notes might have been produced. In Australia, specimen notes have been issued for presentation to VIP's as well as reference material for major banks, commercial agencies and libraries. Most are very rare with small mintages, and because they have not entered into geeneral circulation, are of a very high quality – two key factors that have made them increase rapidly in value and will always make them popular to both investors and collectors.

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SadanaShurulu greatness of PADMASHALI’s

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Saadhana Soorulu Folk Arts

1]Saadhana Soorulu are those who, with a lot of devotion and concentration, learn magic or Indrajala and give performances in the art of magic. They are known to produce miracles and shock their audiences.
They belong to the Padmashali community are dependent on the weavers in this community with whose permission they give performances. The team performing this art form consists of six men. They go around villages throughout the year and give magic performances. They stay for five or six days in a village.

Performances are given in open places where there is scope for a good gathering. They are arranged during daytime only. No make-up is necessary for this performance. A few of these performances are detailed below. Four poles are fixed in the place of the performance. A man is tied to a pole with rope and completely covered with cloth.

When the cover is removed, the man tied to one pole is made to appear at another pole. Another item in the performance is what is known as Agnisthambhana. This is done by fixing a stout needle on the head of a man. A shallow vessel is placed on the other end of’ the needle with a flame under the vessel. Rotis are baked on the vessel after this. Another magic performance is known as Jalasthambhana. In this they show a person drinking water with his mouth and letting the water out through his ears and nose.

Yet another is Vayusthambhana. This is done by making ones body light, controlling breathing and then weighing the body on a light scale. By doing such magical acts, Saadhana Soorulu continue their performance for about three hours. They have Katladi (right for collection) with the Padmashali community. Performance is their main source of livelihood.
Sadahanasuroolu are depicted at bottom of 500 rial note on Cambodian[next to Vietnam] currency cut bottom panel to get good view

Banknote on Weaving in khemr nation

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Banknote on Weaving in khemr nation

A loom is a machine or device for weaving thread or yarn into textiles. Looms can range from very small hand-held frames, to large free-standing hand looms, to huge automatic mechanical devices. The ancient Egyptians and Chinese used looms as early as 4000 BC.
The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.
Weaving is the textile art in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads, called the warp and the filling or weft (older woof), are interlaced with each other to form a fabric or cloth. The warp threads run lengthways of the piece of cloth, and the weft runs across from side to side.
Warp and weft in plain weaving.
Cloth is woven on a loom, a device for holding the warp threads in place while the filling threads are woven through them. Weft is an old English word meaning “that which is woven”.
The manner in which the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is known as the weave. The three basic weaves are plain weave, satin weave, and twill, and the majority of woven products are created with one of these weaves.Woven cloth can be plain (in one color or a simple pattern), or it can be woven in decorative or artistic designs, including tapestries. Fabric in which the warp and/or weft is tie-dyed before weaving is called ikat.

Bhuddism in greek,aramic,khemr MAP

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Bhuddism in greek,aramic,khemr MAP

Proselytism within Ashoka’s territories

Inside India proper, in the realm of Ashoka, many different populations were the object of the King’s

proselytism:

“Here in the king’s domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the

Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods’ instructions in

Dhamma.” Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)

Greek communities lived in the northwest of the Mauryan empire, in the region of Pakistan, notably ancient

Gandhara near the Pakistani capital of Islamabad, and in southern Afghanistan in the region of Gedrosia,

following the conquest and the colonization efforts of Alexander the Great around 323 BC. These communities

therefore seem to have been still significant during the reign of Ashoka. A notable mention references aspects

of Greek society.

There is no country, except among the Greeks, where these two groups, Brahmans and ascetics, are not found, and

there is no country where people are not devoted to one or another religion” Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)

Bilingual inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by king Ashoka, from Kandahar (Shar-i-kuna). Kabul Museum.

Two edicts in Afghanistan have been found with Greek inscriptions, one of these being a bilingual edict in

Greek language and Aramaic. This edict, found in Kandahar, advocates the adoption of “Piety” (using the Greek

term Eusebeia for Dharma) to the Greek community:

“Ten years (of reign) having been completed, King Piodasses (one of the titles of Ashoka: Piyadassi or

Priyadarsi, “He who is the beloved of the Gods and who regards everyone amiably”) made known (the doctrine of)

Piety (Greek:e?s?ße?a, Eusebeia) to men; and from this moment he has made men more pious, and everything

thrives throughout the whole world. And the king abstains from (killing) living beings, and other men and those

who (are) huntsmen and fishermen of the king have desisted from hunting. And if some (were) intemperate, they

have ceased from their intemperance as was in their power; and obedient to their father and mother and to the

elders, in opposition to the past also in the future, by so acting on every occasion, they will live better and

more happily.” (Trans. by G.P. Carratelli

Kambojas are a people of Central Asian origin who had settled first in Arachosia and Drangiana (today’s

southern Afghanistan), and then in the northwestern Indian subcontinent in Sindhu, Gujarat and Sauvira.
* The Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas are other people under

Ashoka’s rule.

SUMERIAN,Akkadian Postal history

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SUMERIAN,Akkadian Postal history

The Akkadian Empire was an empire centered in the city of Akkad Biblical Accad in central Mesopotamia present

day Iraq.The city of Akkad was situated on the west bank of the Euphrates, between Sippar and Kish (in Iraq,

about 50 km (31 mi) southwest of the center of Baghdad). Despite an extensive search, the precise site has

never been found. It reached the height of its power between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the

conquests of king Sargon of Akkad.
Because of the policies of the Akkadian Empire toward linguistic assimilation, Akkad also gave its name to the

predominant Semitic dialect: the Akkadian language, reflecting use of akkadû (”in the language of Akkad”) in

the Old Babylonian period to denote the Semitic version of a Sumerian text.
The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List; the later Assyro-Babylonian form

Akkadû belonging to Akkad It is possible that the Sumerian name, despite its unetymological spelling A.GA.DÈ,

is from AGA.DÈ, meaning “Crown of Fire” in allusion to Ishtar, “the brilliant goddess”, whose cult was observed

from very early times in Agade. Centuries later, the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus mentioned in his

archaeological records[4] that Ishtar’s worship in Agade was later superseded by that of the goddess Anunit,

whose shrine was at Sippar—suggesting proximity of Sippar and Agade.Despite numerous searches, the city has

never been found. One theory holds that Agade was situated opposite Sippar on the left bank of the Euphrates,

and was perhaps the oldest part of the city of Sippar. Another theory is that the ruins of Akkad are to be

found beneath modern Baghdad. Reputedly it was destroyed by invading Gutians with the fall of the Akkadian

Empire.

The first known mention of the city of Akkad is in an inscription of Enshakushanna of Uruk, where he claims to

have defeated Agade—indicating that it was in existence well before the days of Sargon of Akkad, who the

Sumerian kinglist claims to have built it.Akkad is mentioned once in the Tanakh—Book of Genesis 10:10: And the

beginning of his Nimrod’s kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. The Greek

(LXX) spelling in this passage is Archad.

Spread of Buddhism by messages on ROCK,

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Spread of Buddhism by messages on ROCK,

The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave

walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BC. These

inscriptions are dispersed throughout the areas of modern-day Pakistan, Nepal and India, and represent the

first tangible evidence of Buddhism. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism through

the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history. According to the edicts, the extent of

Buddhist proselytism during this period reached as far as the Mediterranean, and many Buddhist monuments were

created.

These inscriptions proclaim Ashoka’s beliefs in the Buddhist concept of dharma and his efforts to develop the

dharma throughout his kingdom. Although Buddhism and the Buddha are mentioned, the edicts focus on social and

moral precepts rather than religious practices or the philosophical dimension of Buddhism.

In these inscriptions, Ashoka refers to himself as “Beloved of the Gods” and “King Priya-darshi.” The

identification of King Priya-darshi with Ashoka was confirmed by an inscription discovered in 1915. The

inscriptions found in the eastern part of India were written in the Magadhi language, using the Brahmi script.

In the western part of India, the language used is closer to Sanskrit, using the Kharoshthi script, one extract

of Edict 13 in the Greek language, and one bilingual edict written in Greek and Aramaic.These edicts were

decodified by British archeologist and historian James Prinsep.

The inscriptions revolve around a few repetitive themes: Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism, the description of

his efforts to spread Buddhism, his moral and religious precepts, and his social and animal welfare program.
In order to propagate the Buddhist faith, Ashoka explains he sent emissaries to the Hellenistic kings as far as

the Mediterranean, and to the peoples throughout India, claiming they were all converted to the Dharma as a

result. He names the Greek rulers of the time, inheritors of the conquest of Alexander the Great, from Bactria

to as far as Greece and North Africa, displaying an amazingly clear grasp of the political situation at the

time...

RAJGHAT FDC,with places of DELHI 15 FDC 1970

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RAJGHAT FDC,places of Delhi 15 FDC for SALE

Rajghat,is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated. A memorial to the father of the nation,
Set in the midst of deep green lawns, Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated. A memorial to the

father of the nation, Rajghat is a simple square platform with a black memorial stone with “Hey Ram” inscribed

on it.
“Hey Ram” were the last words uttered by the Mahatma before collapsing after being shot at.
Located on the west bank of the River Yamuna, Rajghat is surrounded by a wooded area and several exotic shrubs

that

give the area a serene ambience. Walk along the ornate stone pathways as you relax on your tours to the samadhi

of

one of the greatest leaders, statesman and humanist ever born.

India Travel Portal arranges for you to pay your respects at Rajghat and feel an indescribable peace as you

approach

the resting place of one of the greatest proponents of non-violence.
Also tour the Gandhi Memorial Museum and the Gandhi Balidan Sthal as a part of your Rajghat tours with India

Travel

Portal.

Delhi Forts are the sheer reminders of the glorious era of city’s successive dynasties. Visit the colossal Red

Fort

and Old Fort two major attractions of the city capital.

Monumental heritage of Delhi is well preserved in its forts, palaces, temples and mosques. Visit the

magnificent

Qutub Minar that holds lot of surprises in its colossal minaret.
India Gate is constructed as a memorial and was built in the memory of 90,00 soldiers who laid down their lives

during world war I. Located at Rajpath, India Gate is 42 m high and is popular relaxation area during the

summer

evenings. India Gate also act as popular pinic spot during winter. Also known as the All India War Memorial,

India

Gate was designed and constructed by Lutyens. He was the who is considered the chief proclaimer in designing

the New

Delhi plans.

If it were not for the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919, the Parliament House may not have been built. It’s

corny

how the building most indispensable to modern Indian democracy came up as an afterthought. Earlier called the

Circular House, it was added to the layout at a later stage following the reforms which created a large

Legislative

Assembly.
This edifice is the brainchild of Herbert Baker and was much criticized in comparison with Lutyens creations.

An

article by Robert Byron in Architectural Review, January 1931describes it thus: “The Council Chamber has been

Sir

Herbert’s unhappiest venture. Its effect from a distance has been described. It resembles a Spanish bull-ring,

lying

like a mill-wheel dropped accidentally on its side.”

The Viceroy Palace remains Lutyens most significant achievement. It is befittingly the crowning glory of the

British

Empire and architecture in India. Today, it is perhaps India’s best known monument after the Taj Mahal and the

Qutub

Minar. Bigger than the Palace of Versailles, it cost a whopping £12,53,000 and now houses the President of

India. It

is unquestionably a masterpiece of symmetry, discipline, silhouette, colour and harmony. of course, it has come

in

for much criticism too but that has mostly been limited to the imperial intent behind it rather than its

architecture.
The construction of Humayun’s tomb was taken up by the grief-stricken wife of Humayun, Hamida Banu, also known

as

Bega Begam in 1565. Legend has it that the design of the Taj was inspired from this tomb’s. In pure

architectural

sense, this building is probably superior and much more beautiful that the stunning Taj. Sacrilege? But really,

the

only thing this building lacks is the showy marble.

Humayun- The Mughal Emperor Costructed The Fort
When the second Mughal emperor Humayun decided to make a city of his own he decided on the site of the ancient

city

of Indraprastha. Humayun was quite a scholar with a fine grasp on such matters and so it is certain that the

site was

chosen deliberately. When his Sher Shah Suri overthrew him, he destroyed most of Dinpanah (refuge of the

faithful) as

the city of Humayun was called to make way for his own Dilli Sher Shahi or Shergarh. Incidentally, Humayun was

probably the only emperor in history who built a city in Delhi and did not give it his own name – this was

typical of

Humayun’s rather sophisticated and dreamy character. The Layout of The Massive Colossal

Jantar Mantar
¤ An Observatory
The Jantar Mantar was built in 1710 by Raja Jai Singh II of Jaipur (1699-1743) in Delhi. This is an observatory

consisting of mason-built astronomical instruments to chart the course of the heavens. Jai Singh, who was a

very

scholarly king with a very keen interest in astronomy and astrology, had other observatories built too – in

Ujjain,

Jaipur, Mathura (which no longer survives) and Varanasi.
The first among these was this one in Delhi. The yantras (instruments, which has been distorted to Jantar) are

built

of brick rubble and plastered with lime. The yantras have evocative names like, samrat yantra, jai prakash, ram

yantra and niyati chakra; each of which are used to for various astronomical calculations.

Qutub Minar in Delhi
¤ Constructed As A Holy Minar
Qutub MinarThe world famous towering Qutub Minar, started in 1192 by Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1192-98), breathes

down the

neck of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. There is a slight difference of opinion as to its purpose: it probably was

a

tower of victory, but then again it could have been built to be a minar (tower), attached to the Quwwat-ul-

Islam

mosque, for the muezzin (priest) to climb up top for a prayer.

¤ Other Belief of Its Construction

Among Delhites there are lots of other theories about the origin of the tower. Some say it was the observatory

of the

great scientist Aryabhatta of ancient India, other claim that it was built by Prithvi Chauhan for his daughter

to see

the Yamuna. In fact everything short of an extraterrestrial origin has been attributed to it. The presence of

the

ancient non-rusting Iron Pillar within the complex further appears to add credence to the first theory. However

the

tower, its entire design and architecture are undisputedly Islamic and all the other theories are just matters

of

wild surmise.
Considering how shortchanged he was for time, it is doubtful that Qutub-ud-din got much further than a couple

of

levels of the minar, in fact many suggest that lived to see only the first storey complete. Altamash, his

successor,

completed the remaining tower.

¤ Measures Taken To Keep The Minar In Perfect Shape

It is clear that the tower was very close to the sultanate’s heart, since repeated efforts were made to keep it

in

perfect shape. In its long career, the tower got hit by lightening twice – something that, of course, with its

height

it was literally asking for. Once during the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, who very decently repaired the

ensuing

damage. The next time was in the indefatigable builder Feroze Shah Tughlaq’s time, when the topmost storey got

damaged. Feroze Shah, who of course couldn’t well leave things alone, not only repaired the floor, but also

sneaked

in another level.

The Mecca of all the lovers, without places to go and extra money to spend in Delhi, is the beautiful and

serene Lodi

Garden. Its original purpose was hardly that however. It was designed over two dynasties – the Sayyids and

Lodis (15

-16 th century) – to be a sort of everyone-take-one graveyard for their families.

During the British times the garden went under the moniker of Lady Willingdon Park, all that stopped with the

Independence when they reverted back to being good old Lodi garden. In 1968, the gardens were spruced and

relandscaped by JA Stein and Garrett Eckbo. There are several tombs in this area. You can climb to the top of

some of

them. However the steps are very steep and dark so it’s strictly not recommended. Apart from breaking your

neck, you

might end up being bitten by a snake or something
The result of this combined effort is an interesting mix in styles that is clearly discernable all over the

tower.

Each of the original three storeys has different designs. The base storey has alternate angular and circular

flutings

while those of the second one are round and the third one has only angular flutings. Their alignment is

mercifully

similar, so giving the tower a rhythmic harmony. The pretty projecting balconies have a very interesting

pattern,

with icicle-shaped pendentive (an intricate design in which triangular pieces of vaulting spring from the

corners of

a rectangular area and support a rounded or polygonal dome) type of brackets. The attractiveness of the

balconies is

heightened by the bands of sonorous inscriptions. The diameter (at base) of the Qutub Minar is 14.32m and about

2.75m

at the top.

¤ The Attraction of Crownig Cupola

The tower had a crowning cupola on the top at one time, however this was struck down sometime in the early 19th

century, an earthquake felled it. This was replced by a well meaning English engineer Major Smith. However it

must

have looked quite an eyesore for when Lord Hardinge was Governor-general of British India, he had it removed.

You can

see it now on the spruce lawns of the Qutub complex. Come to think of it, it must have been eyesore – it’s

called

Smith’s folly.

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