Elephants 100 rs India

Elephants 100 rs India

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$3.99 application in the iPad.

Two Indian students develop Apple's top paid app
Bonindia news bureau

Bangalore: Two Indian born Stanford graduate students have created a $3.99 application in the iPad. It is the top paid app in the entire iPad section of the App Store.The Pulse Reader app in the iPad was developed by Akshay Kothari (23) and Ankit Gupta (22) at the Institute of Design of Stanford University.

Kothari said the project was inspired by 'a personal frustration at the whole news reading experience' on mobile devices. The stylish and easy to use news aggregator service was developed in the Launch Pad class, where the budding entrepreneurs are given an opportunity to develop and introduce a product in just ten weeks.

Pulse is a clean and visual news aggregator and the reader takes up to 20 news sources that can be followed and a visual mosaic of the news can be created. The article can be tapped and a clean rendered view of the news story can be presented. The app allows users to see text-only versions of articles, which are basically cleaned-up versions of a news site's RSS feeds, or to see the full articles as they are presented on the Web. It also lets sharing articles through Twitter and Facebook by passing the individual sharing tools presented by each news site.

News organizations are yet to get accustomed to iPad strategies but are quite hopeful about the success of pulse. "You absolutely do not have to give away something great for free," said Michael Dearing, a former eBay executive who is a teacher of the Launch Pad class. "If you build something great, people will pay you for it," added Dearing.

Nearly 15,000 people have downloaded this app and it has generated more than $40,000 in revenue, taking into account Apple's 30 percent cut. Akshay and Ankit have created a company, Alphonso Labs, and are now working on versions of the app for other devices, as well as talking to potential investors.


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rivers flow west to east.

Telangana is a region of Andhra Pradesh state in India. The name means "land of Telugu people". It is comprised of the Telugu speaking parts of the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad. The region lies on the Deccan plateau to the west of the Eastern Ghats range, and includes the northwestern interior districts of Warangal, Adilabad, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Rangareddy, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Medak, and the state capital, Hyderabad.

The Krishna and Godavari rivers flow through the region from west to east.

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HISTORY OF TELANGANA

HISTORY OF TELANGANA
The Telangana region is believed to have been mentioned in the Mahabharata as the Telinga Kingdom which said to be inhabited by the tribe known as Telavana and said to have fought on the Pandava side in the great war of Mahabharata. It is also evident from the fact that there is Pandavula Guhalu in Warangal district (where the Pandavas spent their life in exile (Lakkha Gruham).

And, in Treta yuga, it is believed that Rama, Sita and Lakshmana, spent their life in exile at Parnashala on the banks of Godavari river which is about 25 km from Bhadrachalam in Khammam District which falls in the Telangana region.

Telangana region has been heartland for many great dynasties like Sathavahanas, Kakatiyas. Kotilingala in Karimnagar was the first capital of the Sathavahanas before Dharanikota. Excavations at Kotilingala revealed coinage of Simukha, a Satavahana emperor.

The region experienced its golden age during the reign of the Kakatiyas, a great Telugu dynasty that ruled most parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 CE to 1323. Ganapatideva was known as the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Cholas in the year 1210 who accepted his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion that stretched from the Godavari delta and Anakapalle in the east to Raichur (in modern day Karnataka) in the west and from Karimnagar & Bastar (in modern day Chattisgarh) in the north to Srisailam & Tripurantakam, near Ongole in the south. It was also during his reign that the Golkonda fort was first constructed by the Kakatiyas.

Telangana, then came under Muslim rule in 14th century for the first time by Delhi Sultanate followed by Bahmanis, Qutb Shahis and Mughals. As the Mughal Empire began to disintegrate in the early 18th century, the Muslim Asafjahi dynasty established a separate state known as Hyderabad. Later Hyderabad entered into a treaty of subsidiary alliance with the British Empire, and was the largest and most populous princely state in India. Telangana was never under direct British rule, unlike Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh, which were part of British India's Madras Presidency.

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KOHINOOR diamond

KOHINOOR diamond

The origin of the diamond is unclear, although rumors abound. According to some sources, the Koh-i-noor was originally found more than 5000 years ago, and is mentioned in ancient Sanskrit writings under the name Syamantaka.[original research?] According to some Hindu mythological accounts, Krishna obtained the diamond from Jambavantha, whose daughter Jambavati later married Krishna. The legend says that the diamond was from the Sun God to Satrajith (father of Satyabhama) which produces 1000 kg of gold daily. Krishna got the blame of stealing the diamond from Satrajith's brother who is killed by a lion which in turn was killed by Jambavantha. Satrajith had alleged that "Krishna probably killed my brother, who went to the forest wearing the jewel on his neck." Krishna, to restore his reputation, fought a fierce battle with Jambavan and gave the stone back to Satrajith. Now being ashamed with himself Satrajith offered his daughter's hand to Krishna along with the stone. Krishna accepted his daughter Satyabhama's hand but refused to take the Syamantaka.


Historical evidence suggests that the Kohinoor originated in the Guntur region of Kakatiya kingdom, in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, one of the world's earliest diamond producing regions. This region was the only known source for diamonds until 1730 when diamonds were discovered in Brazil. The term "Golconda" diamond has come to define diamonds of the finest white color, clarity and transparency. They are very rare and highly sought after.

The diamond was mined in the Kollur mines near the village Paritala in the present day Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.The diamond became the property of Kakatiya kings. The Khilji dynasty at Delhi ended in 1320 A.D. and Ghiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I ascended the Delhi throne. Tughlaq sent his commander Ulugh Khan in 1323 to defeat the Kakatiya king Prataparudra. Ulugh Khan’s raid was repulsed but he returned in a month with a larger and determined army. The unprepared army of Kakatiya was defeated. The loot, plunder and destruction of Orugallu (present day Warangal), the capital of Kakatiya Kingdom, continued for months. Loads of gold, diamonds, pearls and ivory were carried away to Delhi on elephants, horses and camels. The Koh-i-noor diamond was part of the bounty. From then onwards, the stone passed through the hands of successive rulers of the Delhi sultanate, finally passing to Babur, the first Mughal emperor, in 1526.

The curse of the Koh-i-Noor

It is believed that the Koh-i-Noor carries with it a curse and only when in the possession of a woman will the curse not work. All the men who owned it have either lost their throne or had other misfortunes befall them. The British are wary of this curse and so far, only Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth have adorned the gem as sovereigns. Since Queen Victoria the diamond has always gone to the wife of the male heir to the throne.

The possibility of a curse pertaining to ownership of the diamond dates back to a Hindu text relating to the first authenticated appearance of the diamond in 1306: "He who owns this diamond will own the world, but will also know all its misfortunes. Only God, or a woman, can wear it with impunity."

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HISTORY OF SATAVAHANA FEMALE ATTENDENTS

HISTORY OF SATAVAHANA FEMALE ATTENDENTS

satavahana rulers were quoted in old works like the Aitareya Brahmana,the Epics ,

the Paraná’s, the early Buddhist and Jain works.Gunadhya’s Brhatkatha,

Hala’s Gathasaptasati and Vatsyayana’sKamasutras reflected the

social and cultural life of the Satavahana period.

The Kathasaritsagara mentions the story of a king named Dipakarni

who saw a boy riding a Sata or lion, adopted him and named him

Satavahana

‘Satavahana’ and ‘Satakarni’ are the two standard names by which the

rulers of that dynasty are referred to in their inscriptions and coins.

Various explanations have been given for these names: Satkarni means

” the son of a horse”, and explained in terms of the Aswamedha tradition.

Barnett explained Satkarni as meaning the son of Sata. Sometime it is taken

to mean as one who has a hundred ships, or one whose vehicle is drawn by

hundred bulls or the one with his ears bored. The Kathasaritsagara mentions

the story of a king named Dipakarni who saw a boy riding a Sata or lion,

adopted him and named him Satavahana or the one who had a lion for his vehicle.

It is also suggested that Satavahana is only a variant of ‘Saptavahana’,

meaning the sun, and that they were so called because they were the worshippers

of the sun. these theories, however, have been discarded by Dr. M. Rama Rao,

who has argued that the dynasty has been named after the founder of the dynasty,

who ruled before Simukha.

Przyluski thinks that Sata and vahana, the constituents of Satavahana, are both

Mundawords; the former is the Sanskrtisation of the Munda word sadam meaning

a horse and the latter ofhapan meaning a son. Satavahanas were “sons of horse”

as they believed themselves to be born of the chief queen with the sacrificial horse

in the Asvamedha sacrifice So many kings in the Puranic dynasties as well as in

historic ruling families werecelebrated performers of the Asvamedha sacrifice

Even Megashtanes,Pliny ,Ptolemy,wrote refers about

satavahana army ,forts,maritimeTrade,viharas,even Fahein of 5th c AD ,wrote

about the donations to famous viharas by satavahana queens
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Labels: ancient Science, bhuddhism in telangana, musham, satavahana kings, telangana, telangana facts, telangana history, telangana monuments, telangana rulers, telangana sculptures, telangana statistics, temples
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SATAVAHANA COINS

SATAVAHANA COINS
Satavahana rulers were subdued during the period of Asoka but were independent

rulers from 8 th c BC,as given the privilege to be of vishvamitra lineage, In puranas

they were referred as satavahanas,satakarni,and Andhras, they have 30 forts ,

1000 elephants,100,000 infantry,2000cavalry.

The Deccan region was covered by large number of small tribal

kings which were often in war among themselves.

The Satavahana were the strongest among them after naga kings,

In this way the kingdom of satavahana came into existence in telanagana

region defeating the mahatalavaras.We get numismatic evidence to prove

this point enclosing the photo of rare Mahatalavarasa coin from my coin

collection along With some satavahana coins too from various coin collectors

collection which were worth noting in explaining the expertise used in minting

and various designs from various regional mints of one king and

Of other satavahana rulers Explained,

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MAHATALAVARASA TELUGU WORDS OF PRE STAVAHANA

MAHATALAVARASA TELUGU WORDS OF PRE STAVAHANA KINGS
The history of Satavahana dynasty start from Karimanagar,Adilabad region.

Before them the MahatalavarasRuled this region, we come across coins of

Mahatalavara and other pre –Satavahana rulers, But lack of

Script on coins make us puzzled about their history. But their

style of design on coins gives us their Independent style of coin minting than

north India, gives us clue about their existence before satavahana

dynasty. Recent discovery of fort at near water falls in Ichoda mandal

gives us proof about that.The cobbled

pathwayfortifications show us the importance of this fort ,at we may

assume it was the capital of satavahana dynasty The pottery with

several circles gives us it is of new type as similar seals are excavated in Egypt

also, which show us the satavahana maritime trade. Early period of satavahana

trade flourished with Egypt

sumeria,hittitites,which made south India the hub of trade,we exported spices

and got in exchange gold. Diamond mines were famous in whole world,

Queens were given important place in satavahana dynasty

Queen Naganika,wife of satakarni was perhaps the first queen found on

incriptions.,Even Nanaghat,Nasik incriptions give details of satavahana

rulers.Satavahana kings were first to issue the silver coins with portrait of king face.

They equally gave donations to Buddhist,Jain,Brahmains.

Conducted Ashwamedha yagnamto show their strength. They ruled whole of

telangana,Andhra,Karnataka,konkan,maharshatra,vidraba,gone

upto Gujarat,Vidisha in north and still further. South Indian history was

given little importance sofar, specially satavahana period for lack of

encouragement and was neglected. We were first to trade with outside world,

build ocean going ships and mint it on coins.

INDIAN BANKNOTES ANCIENT COINS,STAMPS,POSTAL HISTORY,,,numisworld@gmail.com I exchange indian banknotes,modern ancient COINS,BANKNOTES,STAMPS,world,india,british india,bank notes,COINS STAMPS,FDC all in THEMES;Modern WORLD COINS,ANCIENT COINS FROM ALEXANDER PERIOD, BIMETAL,SHAPES OF COINS, FAMOUS THEMES;UNRECOGNIZED NEW NATIONS,COUNTRY SETS,world postal history from 1840,kings documents,ETC see blogs for info ok.please pass on info about me and my blog OK,NOTE:Please send notes ONLY BY registered post,OKM.DAMODHARBlockNo30,1floor,SanjevayyaNagarcolony,WestMarredpallysecunderabad;500026 INDIA

MAHATALAVARASA TELUGU WORDS OF PRE SATAVAHANA

MAHATALAVARASA TELUGU WORDS OF PRE SATAVAHANA KINGS
The history of Satavahana dynasty start from Karimanagar,Adilabad region.

Before them the MahatalavarasRuled this region, we come across coins of

Mahatalavara and other pre –Satavahana rulers, But lack of

Script on coins make us puzzled about their history. But their

style of design on coins gives us their Independent style of coin minting than

north India, gives us clue about their existence before satavahana

dynasty. Recent discovery of fort at near water falls in Ichoda mandal

gives us proof about that.The cobbled

pathwayfortifications show us the importance of this fort ,at we may

assume it was the capital of satavahana dynasty The pottery with

several circles gives us it is of new type as similar seals are excavated in Egypt

also, which show us the satavahana maritime trade. Early period of satavahana

trade flourished with Egypt

sumeria,hittitites,which made south India the hub of trade,we exported spices

and got in exchange gold. Diamond mines were famous in whole world,

Queens were given important place in satavahana dynasty

Queen Naganika,wife of satakarni was perhaps the first queen found on

incriptions.,Even Nanaghat,Nasik incriptions give details of satavahana

rulers.Satavahana kings were first to issue the silver coins with portrait of king face.

They equally gave donations to Buddhist,Jain,Brahmains.

Conducted Ashwamedha yagnamto show their strength. They ruled whole of

telangana,Andhra,Karnataka,konkan,maharshatra,vidraba,gone

upto Gujarat,Vidisha in north and still further. South Indian history was

given little importance sofar, specially satavahana period for lack of

encouragement and was neglected. We were first to trade with outside world,

build ocean going ships and mint it on coins.

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TELUGU words talari,talavara, nagamma,viramma.

TELUGU words talari,talavara, nagamma,viramma.
Lets us start the history of satavahana from established

sources such as the Megasthanes of 295BC and Pliny[ VI-;XVII:XIX]who

wrote that in south there is a dynasty by the name of ANDHRA.

Lets see what my Russian friend and linguist M.S.Andropov has to say

about word “Andhra” ..He tried to trace the origions of Telugu culture,why

they are so special and superior to other cultures even during the

Mahabarata period to get special mention about their 30 forts is worth

noting.We can understand they are aLarge cultural group little different from

other major Indian cultures.

They lived on the banks of river tributary whose name was Andri

and Handri ,they are in that name still today in Maharashtra and tungabadra

subriver even though the names in our region were changed in time cycle.

There is an Andhra valley near Bombay,Bellary inscription give the word

Andhrapathamau [220AD]

The usage of Mahatalavarasa word by satavahana kings show us that the official

language was Prakruti the common man language was newly developing telugu

an offshoot of Brahmi.

We come across the words talari,talavara meaning gramadhikari,Nagarjunakonda

inscription have the words nagamma,viramma.

There are several telugu words in GathaSaptaSathi,Vajjalaggam which is worth

noting.

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PURANAS GIVE OUR HISTORY

PURANAS GIVE OUR HISTORY
Even prakriti language was written in northern Brahmi

The Satavahana rulers were called as Andrabrutyas ,which later was given to

the name of the clan whichthe ruling family belonged as thought by historians

.Their home was no doubt the telugu country in telangana expanded to river krishna ,

Godavari regions,with kotilangala as capital city.

According to Puranas and Historians the Satavahan Dynasty

was started by King Simuka satavahana named in inscriptions was also called as

Sisuka in Matsya Puraná; Sipraka in Vishnu Puraná; sinduka in Vayu Puraná ;

,Ch’hismaka in Brahmanda Puraná;Yuga Purana mentioned him as

Satuvara: Col.Wilford; list gives his name as Sri Karna Deva of Sipraka but one,

every Paraná accept is his tenure as king was TWENTY THREE years.

In Jain accounts he is called as Gadabhilla father of Vikrama

who ruled over Andhra.

Chart of ALL Puranas history names tenure of each king for 29 satavahana kings

is given separately.

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SATAVAHANA FOUGHT ANGAINST FOREIGN INVADERS

SATAVAHANA FOUGHT ANGAINST FOREIGN INVADERS

In Asoka edicts mentioned in semi-indipendent state.

The LAW of PIETY in the edict of XIII as preached by kings emissaries’ was

arranged by an unique way of classification principle.

First are recorded the names of kings and peoples whose independence is of

no question, secondly are mentioned ‘the kings dominion’ and lastly come a

number of peoples, divided like the independentInto northern and southern

group,who may be supposed,from the considerations also,to have

independent, semi-indipendent ones, in this group are the Andhra classified so

andhras people ar ealways own their independence but have cordial relations

with north Indian rulers.

The conquest of Kalinga took place in the 9th year of the kings

reign that was 261BC

The Jaugada and Dhauli edicts comment on the duties of officials of the border

tribes which were

written on 14th year 256BC show the policy of conciliation from Asoka side .

Before the foundation of the Satavahana empire, the Deccan was covered with a

Large number of petty kingdoms, which were often at war with one another. The

Satavahanas for the first time wielded the Deccan into a powerful State and gave

a cohesion and integrity to its history. The Deccan prospered immensely

under their strong rule. At a time when northern India was suffering from a series

of invasions by foreign powers like the Bactrians, the Sakas, the Parthians end the

Kusanas, the Deccan was enjoying relative peace. Among the foreigners, the

Sakas eventually succeeded in establishing a base at Ujjayini, from which

they proceeded to attack the Deccan. For a time the Satavahanas had to

give way and portions of Konkan and Northern Maharashtra were lost to them.

But very soon the Satavahanas drove out the foreigners from the Deccan and

restored freedom to the conquered provinces. The role of the Satavahanas in this

connection is comparable to that of the Vijayanagar empire in later times.

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KINGS LIST OF SATAVAHANA

KINGS LIST OF SATAVAHANA

Gautamiputra (Sri Yagna) Sātakarni (also known as Shalivahan) (r. 78-106 CE)

Defeated.According to the Western Satrap ruler Nahapana, restoring the prestige

of his dynasty by reconquering a large part of the former dominions of the

Sātavāhanas.

He was an ardent supporter of Hinduism.According to the Nasik inscription made by

his mother Gautami Balasri, he is the one…who crushed down the pride and conceit

of the Kshatriyas (the native Indian princes, the Rajputs of Rajputana, Gujarat and

Central India); who destroyed the Shakas (Western Kshatrapas), Yavanas

(Indo-Greeks) and Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians),… who rooted the Khakharata

family (The Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the

Satavahana

Chronology and geography are rightly stated to be the two eyes of history;

neither of themhowever enables us to get a clear glimpse of the Satavahana

history. There are wide differencesamong scholars both about the time when

the Satavahanas rose to power, as also about theiroriginal home. One school

holds that the Satavahanas established their power in the last quarter of

the 3rd century B.C.; the other opines that they began to rule in the second

quarter of the firstcentury B. C. One school holds that their home was

somewhere in Andhra country or Telangana ;the other holds that it lay

somewhere in Maharashtra, either in Western India or near Pratisthana

,their traditional capital. It will be convenient to settle these controversial

points before we proceed togive an account of the history of the dynasty.

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Roots of satavanhana

LIST OF KINGS IN SCHOLAR VIEW
Roots of satavanhana ???

In the first edition of this work, R. G. Bhandarkar had advanced the

view that the rise of the Satavahana power should be placed during

the second quarter of the first century B. C.1 This view

has been subsequently accepted by D. R. Bhandarkar2, H. C. Roy

Chaudhuri 3 and D. C. Sircar.

The arguments in favour of this view are not without weight. The most

cogent evidence insupport of this theory is the unanimous statement of

the Puranas that Simuka, the first Andhra (i.e.Satavahana king),

will rise to power after overthrowing the last Kanva ruler Susarman and

destroying what remained of the Shunga power5. It is generally assumed

that the Shungas ruledfrom c. 187 to 75 B. C. and the Kanvas from c.

75 to 30 B. C. It is therefore maintained by thisschool that the rise of

Simuka, the founder of the Satavahana dynasty, should be placed in the third

quarter of the first century B.C.

This would lead to the conclusion that the dynasty ruled for about two

and a half centuriesonly; we can now well understand why one Puranic

tradition asserts in round number that the rule ofthe Satavahanas lasted

for three centuries only.

Normally speaking about 17 or 18 kings only can flourish during this period,

and we ca nnow well understand why one Puranic tradition enumerates

18 Andhra kings only.

If we assume that the Satavahana dynasty consisted of about

thirty kings who ruled for about 450 years, we have to assume a

big gap of about 150 years between the earlier and later Satavahana

kings, known to us from inscriptions3and coins. This gap disappears

almost altogether I fwe place the rise of Simuka in c. 30 B.C.

R. P. Chanda has drawn attention to the palaeographical difficulties in

accepting the theory that Satakarni, the 3rd Satavahana

My view is that when Puranas shed light ,when there is no other

evidence present
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SATAVAHANA PAPER DEDICATED TO TELANGANA PEOPLE

MY RESEARCH PAPER DEDICATED TELANGANA PEOPLE
Cant we accept the theory of puranas of 29 kings ,which was

Corraberated by all puranas not one in same pattern except minor

Differences, now and then we get coins of some new rulers .

There are instances that only numismatic evidence which give

us proofssome unknown dynasties and kings so refute in this

point with some scholars.

Being numismatist I have seen lot of instances like this ,last

Decade,We have not seen many chera coins now we have

seeing many new varietiesOf chera coins.Hope some day

we will get a big hoard of coins of rulers with unknown

kings of satavanahas in tune with Puranas?

The Puranas like Matsya, Vayu, Vishnu, Bhagvata and Brahmanda

provide important, if confusing, data for the reconstruction of the

Satavahana history. Literary works like Brihatkatha of Gunadya,

Gathasaptasati of Hala, or Lilavati yield useful information on the

period. Foreign literary sources like the ‘Indica’ of Megastanese,

Pliny’s ‘Natural History’, the ‘Periplus of the Erythrean Sea’ or the

‘Geography’ of Ptolemy provide useful sources of information.

The study of the Satavahana coins, particularly the Jogalthambi

hoard of Nahapana’s coins, most of them restruck by Gautamiputra

Satakarni, can help the historian of the period. The Satavahana

inscriptions, all of them inscribed on stone, provide valuable data

for the reconstruction of their history

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT MINISTER Mr.JAIPAL REDDY

URBAN DEVELOPMENT MINISTER GOVT OF INDIA Mr.JAIPAL REDDY


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TELANGANA FRIENDS BLOG

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AMARAVATI SCROLLS

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SATAVAHANA KINGS

The Sātavāhana kings are also remarkable for their contributions to Buddhist art and architecture. They built great stupas in the Krishna River Valley, including the stupa at Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh. The stupas were decorated in marble slabs and sculpted with scenes from the life of the Buddha, portrayed in a characteristic slim and elegant style. The Satavahana empire colonized southeast Asia and spread Indian culture to those parts. Mahayana Buddhism, which may have originated in Andhra (northwestern India being the alternative candidate), was carried to many parts of Asia by the rich maritime culture of the Satavahanas. The Amaravati style of sculpture spread to Southeast Asia at this time.

The Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the Buddhist stupa of Sanchi. The gateways and the balustrade were built after 70 BCE, and appear to have been commissioned by them. An inscription records the gift of one of the top architraves of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana king Satakarni:

Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni

Throughout, the Buddhist art of the Satavahanas remained aniconic, denying any human representation of the Buddha, even in highly descriptive scenes. This remained true until the end of the Satavahana rule, in the 2nd century CE.

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satavahanas first telangana bhuddist rulers from karimnagar region

satavahanas first telangana bhuddist rulers from karimnagar region
Published On : March 14th, 2009 Updated at : March 14th, 2009
Tags :
• Telangana-Politics
• Karimnagar
• Arts
• Other
The Satavahanas ruled a large and powerful empire that withstood the onslaughts from Central Asia. Aside from their military power, their commercialism and naval activity is evidenced by establishment of Indian colonies in southeast Asia for the first time in history

There are divergent views regarding the starting period of the Satavahana chronology and the total duration of the dynasty. According to D. R. Bhandarkar the Satavahana rule commenced in the 6 th or 5 th century B.C. But other scholars did not accept this view. Dr. M. Rama Rao held the view that the Satavahanas flourished between 221A.D

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